WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.149 --> 00:00:05.360 This is a stroboscope disc used to verify the speed of a record player’s turntable. 00:00:05.360 --> 00:00:08.200 You can easily find these online and print them out. 00:00:08.200 --> 00:00:12.440 Under fluorescent lighting, these alternating white-black bars will appear stationary even 00:00:12.440 --> 00:00:14.559 though the turntable is rotating. 00:00:14.559 --> 00:00:19.539 This happens because the A/C electricity powering the light is a 60 hz sine wave, and each time 00:00:19.539 --> 00:00:22.820 it crosses the zero line, the light briefly goes dark. 00:00:22.820 --> 00:00:27.560 Essentially, fluorescent lights actually flash 120 times per second, and the spacing of these 00:00:27.560 --> 00:00:31.610 bars is calibrated so that if the turntable is going the right speed, they will move the 00:00:31.610 --> 00:00:35.480 same distance as their width with each pulse of light, which makes a blurred pattern appear 00:00:35.480 --> 00:00:37.500 that’s completely stationary. 00:00:37.500 --> 00:00:41.190 Slight variations in speed will cause the pattern to appear to move. 00:00:41.190 --> 00:00:45.920 You can see this as I switch the turntable between 33 and 45 rpm. 00:00:45.920 --> 00:00:49.850 You may have noticed a similar effect while driving at night under common street lighting, 00:00:49.850 --> 00:00:54.080 particularly the orange-gold glow of high pressure sodium lamps. 00:00:54.080 --> 00:00:58.550 These lights also pulse 120 times per second, in the US at least, which can make slow-moving 00:00:58.550 --> 00:01:02.210 patterns appear on the wheels of vehicles driving past you. 00:01:02.210 --> 00:01:05.610 Sometimes the patterns move backwards which is particularly trippy. 00:01:05.610 --> 00:01:09.690 This stroboscopic effect is the primary reason that some people are sensitive to fluorescent 00:01:09.690 --> 00:01:10.690 lighting. 00:01:10.690 --> 00:01:14.850 Though it’s not directly visible, it can give some people headaches and cause eyestrain. 00:01:14.850 --> 00:01:19.260 But it’s important to note the the fluorescent-ness of the light source is not what’s causing 00:01:19.260 --> 00:01:20.260 it. 00:01:20.260 --> 00:01:23.990 What I mean by this is that it’s very very wrong to assume that all fluorescent lights 00:01:23.990 --> 00:01:26.390 produce a strobing effect like this. 00:01:26.390 --> 00:01:29.620 In fact, nearly all CFLs used in your home don’t. 00:01:29.620 --> 00:01:35.760 Here’s the same disc on the same turntable with a garden variety CFL providing illumination. 00:01:35.760 --> 00:01:38.990 This time, the disc’s lines just blur together. 00:01:38.990 --> 00:01:40.940 CFLs have worked like this for a looong time. 00:01:40.940 --> 00:01:43.960 In fact, here’s an old IKEA fluorescent lamp. 00:01:43.960 --> 00:01:46.040 It’s so old it starts like this. 00:01:46.720 --> 00:01:47.940 (forced coughing) 00:01:51.340 --> 00:01:53.700 And yet, the lines still blur together. 00:01:53.700 --> 00:01:57.850 You might notice a very slight pattern in there that looks stationary, but even an incandescent 00:01:57.850 --> 00:01:59.760 light will produce such a faint pattern. 00:01:59.760 --> 00:02:04.560 In reality, these CFLs are just as flicker-free as the old bulbs of yore. 00:02:04.560 --> 00:02:10.289 But in an odd twist, many newer LED bulbs are re-introducing this stroboscopic effect. 00:02:10.289 --> 00:02:13.859 Some are far worse than others, and first let me say that I’m glad the CFL is being 00:02:13.859 --> 00:02:14.859 replaced. 00:02:14.859 --> 00:02:18.650 I am in no way trying to say that LED bulbs are bad, and CFLs are somehow better. 00:02:18.650 --> 00:02:22.849 Of course, a huge reason to be pro LED is the lack of mercury in the bulbs. 00:02:22.849 --> 00:02:27.310 And the list goes on--the slow warmup and poor operation in cold weather of CFLs was 00:02:27.310 --> 00:02:30.720 annoying, and LEDs don’t suffer from these problems. 00:02:30.720 --> 00:02:34.849 Poor color rendering indexes were common with cheap CFLs which caused their perceived quality 00:02:34.849 --> 00:02:39.549 of light to be not-so-great, whereas LEDs almost always have better color rendering 00:02:39.549 --> 00:02:40.859 characteristics. 00:02:40.859 --> 00:02:46.060 Dimmability of CFLs was generally questionable at best, and new LEDs go so far as to mimic 00:02:46.060 --> 00:02:49.590 the warming effect that incandescent bulbs naturally produce as their filaments burn 00:02:49.590 --> 00:02:50.709 less intensely. 00:02:50.709 --> 00:02:54.799 There’s virtually no reason to hold onto the incandescent lamp anymore. 00:02:54.799 --> 00:02:59.319 Even clear LED bulbs which look like they have filaments are cheap and widely available. 00:02:59.319 --> 00:03:04.010 So to explain why CFLs don’t flicker and LEDs sometimes do, it’s important to look 00:03:04.010 --> 00:03:07.430 at the electronics that drive each of these technologies. 00:03:07.430 --> 00:03:11.120 Fluorescent lights, along with all other discharge lamps such as sodium vapor lamps or metal 00:03:11.120 --> 00:03:16.670 halide bulbs, have a pesky electrical characteristic known as negative resistance. 00:03:16.670 --> 00:03:21.200 Provide a set voltage to the lamp, and it will consume more and more current until it, 00:03:21.200 --> 00:03:25.560 well basically explodes--or if it can manage it, exhausts its electrical supply and trips 00:03:25.560 --> 00:03:26.560 a breaker. 00:03:26.560 --> 00:03:31.140 A ballast is therefore required to both strike the arc and start the lamp, and most importantly 00:03:31.140 --> 00:03:34.810 to limit the current it can receive and keep things nice and safe. 00:03:34.810 --> 00:03:38.900 In older fluorescent fixtures, this ballast was nothing more than a specialized inductive 00:03:38.900 --> 00:03:41.870 transformer, so-called magnetic ballasts. 00:03:41.870 --> 00:03:45.430 These are what is responsible for the humming or buzzing sound in older fixtures. 00:03:45.430 --> 00:03:51.059 A magnetic ballast sends the same 60 hz electricity to the tube, but with a limit in place. 00:03:51.059 --> 00:03:56.129 This means the light will pulse on and off 120 times per second, which generally isn’t 00:03:56.129 --> 00:03:59.569 directly perceptible, but can cause eye strain in sensitive individuals. 00:03:59.569 --> 00:04:02.560 Now, magnetic ballasts have two huge drawbacks. 00:04:02.560 --> 00:04:06.959 One, they’re generally bulky, and two, the fact that they send straight AC current to 00:04:06.959 --> 00:04:11.480 the tube means the tube doesn’t run as bright as it could because it spends a not-insignificant 00:04:11.480 --> 00:04:14.299 period of time producing no light at all. 00:04:14.299 --> 00:04:18.139 The pauses in light production reduce its overall light output considerably. 00:04:18.139 --> 00:04:22.310 When the Compact Fluorescent Light came along, the compact nature of these compact bulbs 00:04:22.310 --> 00:04:26.530 meant less actual glass tube was available in such a compact space. 00:04:26.530 --> 00:04:32.169 To compact a 16 watt 2 foot linear tube into a space as compact as an ordinary light bulb 00:04:32.169 --> 00:04:36.170 required some creative compacting action in the form of glass bending acrobatics. 00:04:36.170 --> 00:04:37.370 Compact. 00:04:37.370 --> 00:04:40.360 First was the curly-q nature of the tube itself. 00:04:40.360 --> 00:04:44.741 Forming the glass in a repeating spiral pattern increases its surface area tremendously, while 00:04:44.741 --> 00:04:47.289 still confining it into a small volume. 00:04:47.289 --> 00:04:49.120 Then there was the problem of the ballast. 00:04:49.120 --> 00:04:52.050 Remember, magnetic ballasts are bulky and heavy. 00:04:52.050 --> 00:04:55.960 A better solution was needed both to overcome size constraints and to increase the light 00:04:55.960 --> 00:04:58.150 output of such a small lamp. 00:04:58.150 --> 00:05:00.260 Enter the electronic ballast. 00:05:00.260 --> 00:05:04.801 These guys work entirely differently from magnetic ballasts and were, uh what’s the 00:05:04.801 --> 00:05:07.300 word, oh, compact and lightweight. 00:05:07.300 --> 00:05:11.080 Electronic ballasts work similarly to the switched-mode power supplies you find in virtually 00:05:11.080 --> 00:05:12.490 everything today. 00:05:12.490 --> 00:05:17.259 Their first goal is actually to convert the incoming 60 hz AC power to DC, where it’s 00:05:17.259 --> 00:05:18.790 filtered with a capacitor. 00:05:18.790 --> 00:05:23.939 The ballast then converts this DC into very high frequency AC power, around 20 thousand 00:05:23.939 --> 00:05:24.939 hertz. 00:05:24.939 --> 00:05:27.479 It’s this high frequency power that’s sent to the tube. 00:05:27.479 --> 00:05:31.259 The phosphors that line the inside of the glass don’t react instantly to UV emissions 00:05:31.259 --> 00:05:32.259 from the mercury vapor. 00:05:32.259 --> 00:05:36.280 In fact, there’s a delay between when they stop receiving energy from the excited mercury 00:05:36.280 --> 00:05:39.319 molecules and when the stop emitting visible light. 00:05:39.319 --> 00:05:43.190 You can actually see this--the green phosphor is the usually the slowest, and you might 00:05:43.190 --> 00:05:46.810 have caught a slight green flash of light when turning a off a light fixture with a 00:05:46.810 --> 00:05:50.210 CFL if you’ve ever moved your eyes right at the same time. 00:05:50.210 --> 00:05:54.259 You see this because the red and blue phosphors stop producing light in a tiny fraction of 00:05:54.259 --> 00:05:57.669 a second, but the green phosphor hangs around a little longer. 00:05:57.669 --> 00:06:02.889 Anyway, the high frequency AC entering the tube of a CFL is literally too fast for any 00:06:02.889 --> 00:06:07.069 of the phosphors, and the delayed action bridges the gap between pulses. 00:06:07.069 --> 00:06:11.050 The result is that the light provides nearly constant illumination, and the stroboscopic 00:06:11.050 --> 00:06:13.110 effect is essentially eliminated. 00:06:13.110 --> 00:06:15.810 Which can be proven by using one of these do-dads. 00:06:15.810 --> 00:06:19.510 Most newer linear fluorescent fixtures also use an electronic ballast. 00:06:19.510 --> 00:06:23.949 Even the old fashioned T12 tube will see a significant increase in light output and efficiency 00:06:23.949 --> 00:06:26.919 if high frequency A/C switching is applied. 00:06:26.919 --> 00:06:30.750 For this reason, ceiling light fixtures using linear tubes are nearly always equipped with 00:06:30.750 --> 00:06:32.750 an electronic ballast these days. 00:06:32.750 --> 00:06:37.360 Meanwhile, LED bulbs require a different kind of circuitry to make them work. 00:06:37.360 --> 00:06:42.690 LEDs only work with direct current, so for a bulb on an AC supply, this AC needs to first 00:06:42.690 --> 00:06:45.460 be rectified into DC using a bridge rectifier. 00:06:45.460 --> 00:06:49.460 It’s not as simple as sending DC power through the chips, though. 00:06:49.460 --> 00:06:53.280 Without the proper voltage, the LEDs with either be instantly destroyed or they won’t 00:06:53.280 --> 00:06:54.280 work at all. 00:06:54.280 --> 00:06:58.669 See LEDs have a very narrow range of operating voltage, bumping it up by as little as half 00:06:58.669 --> 00:07:01.590 a volt will dramatically increase current consumed. 00:07:01.590 --> 00:07:04.310 Drop it much below and it won’t light up at all. 00:07:04.310 --> 00:07:06.879 Because of this, they also need a ballast of sorts. 00:07:06.879 --> 00:07:08.720 Usually these are referred to as drivers. 00:07:08.720 --> 00:07:11.889 The most important thing the driver has to do is limit the current that passes through 00:07:11.889 --> 00:07:12.949 the chips. 00:07:12.949 --> 00:07:16.400 Without a way to limit the current, any voltage above an LED chip’s forward voltage will 00:07:16.400 --> 00:07:21.159 cause an exponential increase in current flow, which will make the diode run extremely hot 00:07:21.159 --> 00:07:23.259 and severely shorten its life. 00:07:23.259 --> 00:07:28.250 In many conventional LED bulbs meant to replace a 60 watt incandescent, there will be 9 or 00:07:28.250 --> 00:07:30.290 10 chips, each rated around a watt. 00:07:30.290 --> 00:07:33.879 These are usually arranged in a circle, and are attached to a heat sink. 00:07:33.879 --> 00:07:37.460 The heat sink absorbs the heat they produce, and spreads it out over a wide area. 00:07:37.460 --> 00:07:39.830 This bulb contains nine chips. 00:07:39.830 --> 00:07:43.550 Each of these chips actually contains three diodes in one package, so there’s a total 00:07:43.550 --> 00:07:46.969 of 27 diodes arranged in series. 00:07:46.969 --> 00:07:50.990 Most of the blue diodes used in white LED chips--the yellow circle is a phosphor which 00:07:50.990 --> 00:07:55.110 converts some of the blue light into red and green, thus producing apparently white light--have 00:07:55.110 --> 00:07:57.879 a voltage drop of just over 3 volts. 00:07:57.879 --> 00:08:03.159 The driver therefore needs to produce at least 81 volts, and indeed it produces about 85. 00:08:03.159 --> 00:08:06.879 The driver must also limit the current going through this chain of diodes to ensure they 00:08:06.879 --> 00:08:09.370 don’t overheat and waste energy. 00:08:09.370 --> 00:08:13.349 It also uses a large capacitor hidden in the base to store and release some energy between 00:08:13.349 --> 00:08:17.190 the pulses of AC power coming from the socket through bridge rectifier. 00:08:17.190 --> 00:08:19.880 This helps to eliminate the stroboscopic flicker. 00:08:19.880 --> 00:08:23.719 This capacitor is rather large and it’s one of the biggest component of the driver. 00:08:23.719 --> 00:08:25.909 But there’s also a way to cheat a little bit. 00:08:25.909 --> 00:08:30.680 LEDs can be driven off a direct voltage supply if the voltage is equal to the voltage drop 00:08:30.680 --> 00:08:32.669 across the LED chip. 00:08:32.669 --> 00:08:36.790 Many so-called “filament” LED lamps are designed with a bunch of blue diodes in series 00:08:36.790 --> 00:08:41.320 along a glass rod covered in the yellow phosphor, and the voltage drop across them adds up to 00:08:41.320 --> 00:08:45.190 just about the same as the AC line voltage powering the lamp. 00:08:45.190 --> 00:08:49.510 If you dim one of these, you can see the individual diodes along the filament’s structure. 00:08:49.510 --> 00:08:53.440 These tiny diodes will also have a voltage drop of about 3 volts, and since 120 volts 00:08:53.440 --> 00:08:57.710 is what’s coming into the socket here in the US, that could be divided across 40 individual 00:08:57.710 --> 00:08:58.710 diodes. 00:08:58.710 --> 00:09:03.460 Each of these rods has 20 diodes or so in a line, and two rods are wired in series, 00:09:03.460 --> 00:09:05.860 with another series-pair being in parallel. 00:09:05.860 --> 00:09:10.870 In European countries running on 230 volts, all four of these rods will be wired in series. 00:09:10.870 --> 00:09:15.080 This cheat is what allows the driver to be so small that it can be crammed into just 00:09:15.080 --> 00:09:17.350 the space inside the socket. 00:09:17.350 --> 00:09:20.830 This creates a beautiful bulb that you might not even know it’s an LED unless someone 00:09:20.830 --> 00:09:22.120 told you. 00:09:22.120 --> 00:09:23.630 But there’s one huge drawback. 00:09:23.630 --> 00:09:27.490 There’s so little space for the driver that it doesn’t really do all that much. 00:09:27.490 --> 00:09:32.570 In reality, nearly all it does is use a bridge rectifier to convert the AC into pulsed DC. 00:09:32.570 --> 00:09:37.510 That’s just taking this waveform and flipping the bottom half back up. 00:09:37.510 --> 00:09:41.760 This means these bulbs will often exhibit stroboscopic flicker just as bad or worse 00:09:41.760 --> 00:09:44.310 as a fluorescent bulb running from a magnetic ballast. 00:09:44.310 --> 00:09:46.300 In fact, that footage from earlier? 00:09:46.300 --> 00:09:50.190 It was from this bulb, just with the color temperature messed up a bit. 00:09:50.190 --> 00:09:53.240 And now, a note from the editor’s desk. 00:09:54.760 --> 00:09:57.740 Oh, hello, I’m the editor, and this is my desk. 00:09:57.740 --> 00:10:01.900 I’d just like to clarify that I’m sure the driver is doing more than just rectifying 00:10:01.900 --> 00:10:03.460 the AC into pulsed DC. 00:10:03.460 --> 00:10:07.460 It’s actually a complicated little thing with a driver chip, an inductor of sorts, 00:10:07.460 --> 00:10:08.460 and other goodies. 00:10:08.460 --> 00:10:11.540 What’s more likely the cause of the flicker is simply that the driver’s tiny little 00:10:11.540 --> 00:10:16.140 filter capacitor, a requirement with the driver concealed in the socket, can’t store enough 00:10:16.140 --> 00:10:21.070 charge to provide completely steady DC voltage throughout the system as the incoming AC voltage 00:10:21.070 --> 00:10:22.950 crosses the zero line. 00:10:22.950 --> 00:10:26.590 The system voltage thus dips slightly between each incoming pulse. 00:10:26.590 --> 00:10:31.060 This is also probably the cause of the slight flicker produced by the CFL, but the immensely 00:10:31.060 --> 00:10:35.720 larger filter capacitor is able to provide much more stable DC voltage to the rest of 00:10:35.720 --> 00:10:36.760 the ballast. 00:10:36.760 --> 00:10:40.370 In regards to the number of diodes along the glass, I’m sure that’s geared towards 00:10:40.370 --> 00:10:44.400 line voltage as it is common for European bulbs to have all the rods wired in series, 00:10:44.400 --> 00:10:47.580 but the driver is probably still providing a different voltage for them. 00:10:47.580 --> 00:10:51.080 I’m thinking it just makes the design of the driver a whole lot simpler and cheaper 00:10:51.080 --> 00:10:54.280 if it’s got to produce roughly the same voltage as it receives. 00:10:54.280 --> 00:10:57.920 If we have a qualified electrical engineer in the comments, please do tell us if I’ve 00:10:57.920 --> 00:10:58.950 got this all wrong. 00:10:58.950 --> 00:11:02.790 I’m not even going to get into how these bulbs work with dimmers because there’s 00:11:02.790 --> 00:11:04.890 enough in there for a whole other video. 00:11:04.890 --> 00:11:06.630 So then, here’s my point. 00:11:06.630 --> 00:11:10.530 If you are an individual with photosensitive epilepsy who has legitimately been affected 00:11:10.530 --> 00:11:15.670 by fluorescent lighting in the past, this type of LED bulb probably isn’t for you. 00:11:15.670 --> 00:11:20.020 But if you’ve casually avoided compact fluorescent lights believing them to cause eye strain 00:11:20.020 --> 00:11:24.380 and you’ve been around these lights and haven’t noticed a problem, perhaps it wasn’t 00:11:24.380 --> 00:11:28.860 the, as I said, fluorescent-ness of the light that caused your headaches. 00:11:28.860 --> 00:11:33.150 As I’ve demonstrated, most CFLs produce light just as well--meaning consistently and 00:11:33.150 --> 00:11:35.740 without flicker--as an incandescent bulb. 00:11:35.740 --> 00:11:39.760 But some newer LED lamps actually produce really strong strobing light. 00:11:39.760 --> 00:11:41.770 If these don’t affect you, that’s great! 00:11:41.770 --> 00:11:46.050 But it also means that perhaps you shouldn’t have been so averse to using the CFL. 00:11:46.050 --> 00:11:50.180 One easy way to tell if a bulb has high flicker is by bringing a smartphone camera right up 00:11:50.180 --> 00:11:51.390 to the bulb. 00:11:51.390 --> 00:11:55.690 With bright light the camera has to increase its shutter speed a lot, which when combined 00:11:55.690 --> 00:11:59.970 with the way it captures the light via a rolling shutter, will make alternating bright dark 00:11:59.970 --> 00:12:02.050 bands appear all over the image. 00:12:02.050 --> 00:12:05.570 If bands are barely visible, then the flicker is very minor. 00:12:05.570 --> 00:12:06.570 Me again. 00:12:06.570 --> 00:12:09.950 I discovered while shooting the B-roll for this video that the old IKEA bulb exhibits 00:12:09.950 --> 00:12:12.520 less flicker than an incandescent. 00:12:12.520 --> 00:12:15.520 You can even see that going back to the stroboscope disc footage. 00:12:15.520 --> 00:12:18.290 These pictures shot with my phone confirm it. 00:12:18.290 --> 00:12:21.850 While we’re looking at pictures, light bulb manufacturers have figured out how to produce 00:12:21.850 --> 00:12:26.970 flexible filaments, and this one on display in a retailer is shockingly bad! 00:12:26.970 --> 00:12:31.360 However, one cool thing about the flexible “filament” is that you can see the printed 00:12:31.360 --> 00:12:35.500 circuit in the dark portion provided by the absurd flicker of the bulb, and you can see 00:12:35.500 --> 00:12:40.510 here that the diodes are wired as two series chains, with each trace skipping every other 00:12:40.510 --> 00:12:41.510 diode. 00:12:41.510 --> 00:12:44.270 This means there are two parallel circuits in each piece of filament spaghetti. 00:12:44.270 --> 00:12:48.531 Now, I’ve long maintained a personal theory that the folks most opposed to the compact 00:12:48.531 --> 00:12:52.620 fluorescent were really more averse to the blueish light of daylight color temperature 00:12:52.620 --> 00:12:53.620 bulbs. 00:12:53.620 --> 00:12:54.810 In fact, I hate those things. 00:12:54.810 --> 00:12:58.111 I have a whole drawer full of them because the previous owner of my place loved them, 00:12:58.111 --> 00:13:01.620 and I just can’t stand the coldness of their light. 00:13:01.620 --> 00:13:06.760 I won’t go so far as to say they give me a headache, but I dread being around them. 00:13:06.760 --> 00:13:11.700 Because a well-made warm-white balanced CFL is often indistinguishable from an incandescent, 00:13:11.700 --> 00:13:15.820 particularly if the bulb is hidden behind a shade, these people might have never noticed 00:13:15.820 --> 00:13:19.300 that they were under fluorescent lighting unless it was a cool white or daylight color 00:13:19.300 --> 00:13:22.220 temperature, where it couldn’t possibly be an incandescent. 00:13:22.220 --> 00:13:24.540 But that’s just conjecture. 00:13:24.540 --> 00:13:27.990 In reality, the CFL is on its way out, and I’m happy to hear it. 00:13:27.990 --> 00:13:32.140 So many great designs of LED bulbs are on the market today, not even mentioning smart 00:13:32.140 --> 00:13:36.380 bulbs or color-changing bulbs that are only possible with LEDs inside. 00:13:36.380 --> 00:13:40.470 But the CFL was a great innovation that helped us start saving energy at home years before 00:13:40.470 --> 00:13:42.480 LEDs came down in cost. 00:13:42.480 --> 00:13:45.790 And if people just took the effort to recycle them, the mercury wouldn’t have been much 00:13:45.790 --> 00:13:46.790 of a concern. 00:13:46.790 --> 00:13:50.370 But I’ll admit, a 100% recycling rate is a pipedream. 00:13:50.370 --> 00:13:52.260 Best avoid the problem all together. 00:13:52.260 --> 00:13:53.260 Thanks for watching. 00:13:53.260 --> 00:13:54.770 I hope you learned something interesting today! 00:13:54.770 --> 00:13:58.360 I’m closing this video out with a thank you and announcements. 00:13:58.360 --> 00:14:02.210 To my subscribers, wow, I’m so thrilled this channel has passed 35 thousand! 00:14:02.210 --> 00:14:04.540 It still doesn’t seem real. 00:14:04.540 --> 00:14:08.470 Having a successful YouTube channel has always been a dream of mine, and it’s slowly becoming 00:14:08.470 --> 00:14:09.470 reality. 00:14:09.470 --> 00:14:11.890 But as you know, making videos is really hard. 00:14:11.890 --> 00:14:15.700 I’m doing my best to keep videos like this headed your way, but I work full time and 00:14:15.700 --> 00:14:17.920 it’s hard to do two things at once. 00:14:17.920 --> 00:14:22.080 Which is why starting at the end of November, I’m gonna stop doing two things at once. 00:14:22.080 --> 00:14:24.810 I’m gonna concentrate on videos. 00:14:24.810 --> 00:14:28.250 Hopefully I’ll be making weekly videos by the start of next year, as I’ll have 4 days 00:14:28.250 --> 00:14:31.310 a week to do this, and not just 2 if I’m lucky. 00:14:31.310 --> 00:14:34.790 There’s a lot of stuff up in this noggin and eventually it will make its way out and 00:14:34.790 --> 00:14:36.230 to your eyeballs and ears. 00:14:36.230 --> 00:14:40.720 If all goes to plan, my next video will be on Philo Farnsworth and the invention of electronic 00:14:40.720 --> 00:14:41.720 television. 00:14:41.720 --> 00:14:45.080 I’m overwhelmingly flattered that some people have asked if I have a patreon page. 00:14:45.080 --> 00:14:49.890 Well, I wanted wait and see if these types of videos could earn me a following. 00:14:49.890 --> 00:14:52.470 Apparently they have and now, I do have a patreon. 00:14:52.470 --> 00:14:54.910 In fact, it’s right over there. 00:14:54.910 --> 00:14:58.210 I’m really new to this whole thing and don’t really know what I’m doing, but if you’d 00:14:58.210 --> 00:15:02.490 like to become a patron you will immediately be rewarded with thanks and good vibes. 00:15:02.490 --> 00:15:06.140 My biggest struggle right now is finding time to do more management stuff, like make playlists 00:15:06.140 --> 00:15:07.490 and set up a Patreon. 00:15:07.490 --> 00:15:10.440 But if it works, I’ll be spending all of my time making videos for you. 00:15:10.440 --> 00:15:12.080 Thanks for watching.